A Question of Dowry - Paper - 1640 Words

‘A Question of Dowry’ is about an Indian girl named Sivasothie was going to be engaged and married to a young man named Thiruchelvam that choose by the family. In the beginning, Sivasothie’s parents were preparing dowry, whereby a sum of twenty thousand and a necklace as to give it to the bridegroom’s family, when they wanted to give away theirs daughter to get married. Then, the problem arises when Sivasothie’s father Mr. Ramachandran told his wife that they cannot afford to give the dowry they agreed to give because of the disvalued of his wife’s piece of land to sell, which given as dowry when she got married to Mr. Ramachandran. After that, the future son in -law came to their house when Mr. Ramachandran telephoned him to come. As†¦show more content†¦Mr Ramachandran had been trying to get a word in, and when his wife paused for breath, he grabbed his chance.â€Å"We have to return the necklace†.â€Å"Return it? Why, wh at will Thiruchelvam’s mother and –â€Å". Mr Ramachandran raised his hand. â€Å"There’s something which I’ve wanted to tell you for some time, but I didn’t want to worry you. We can’t pay for the necklace. Do you remember the land we were going to sell to get the dowry and money for the necklace?† â€Å"Oh, be careful, you old man! Do you want people to think that wehave no money for our daughter?† Mrs Ramachandran hissed in fierce whispers. Then continuing in a more normal tone, she inquired loudly. â€Å"Which piece of land do you mean? My father gave us four for my dowry, and our second son received three as his wife’s dowry.’ ‘Come now, wife!† remonstrated Mr Ramachandran. â€Å"Don’t you remember? We have only one piece of land left from yourdowry – we sold the other two for our third and fourth sons’ weddings. As for Anandkrishna’s land, that be longs to him and he’s already rented it out to some householders in order to get cash for his eternal drinks.† â€Å"About our piece of land, I’m afraid it is impossible to sell it at aquarter of its former price. You see, water has been seeping out from some well for about ten years and so the land is now too marshy forShow MoreRelatedEssay about Is Marriage a Pricey Affair in Africa?543 Words   |  3 Pages Mahr, Labolla (Dowry) is liable tradition known as the stimulus for marriage in South Africa and among Muslims. Different tribes in Africa also charge bride price. In ancient times the groom’s family would plough land for years before the actual ritual of the wedding. It retained cultural traditions and created economic feasibility among families and tribes but however, Is this issue of dowry causing more damage than creating harmony? Is the question. 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The Negative Impact of Conglomeration of Media Companies...

Wedian Ibrahim May 13, 2012 The Negative Impact of Conglomeration of Media Companies on Audiences The word conglomeration is defined as the formation of a large company by the merging of separate and diverse small firms. Media conglomerate is a large company or corporation formed by merging of different small media outlets such as TV, radio, newspapers, and internet. Big companies tend to buy out other smaller companies in the market to increase their revenue by increasing their viewership, and to control the smaller companies’ resources. This creates media oligopoly by which few firms dominate the market. This media conglomeration is threatening democracy because of its negative impact on audiences. Those†¦show more content†¦With the closure of the Reporter in 2003, the city of Cambridge lost its oldest local news coverage source in Southern Ontario. Some criticizers claim that Torstar closed the Reporter to make room for the other more profitable daily newspapers (Robock 1). Mirko Bibic, senior vice-president of regulatory affairs for both the network and its t elecommunications parent, BCE Inc, says â€Å"We won’t continue to fund chronically unprofitable stations, tiny stations in tiny little towns.† (Sturgeon 1) . With the closure of many local media outlets lots of employees will be left unemployed. In 2009, 1000 journalists lost their jobs in local newspapers in Northcliffe in the United Kingdome because Northcliffe Media Company lost 37% of these newspapers advertising revenue (Toynbee 1). Also, Guardian Media Group closed 153 of its local newsroom in the same year (Toynbee 1). In conclusion, conglomeration of media needs lots of attention as it is threatening democracy in Canada. Conglomeration of media made corporations care about the business part of the media more than the ethics of the profession. Conglomeration of media also caused media bias and loss of objectivity in delivering the news to the public. Finally, conglomeration of media is the major cause of the loss of the local news in Canada. As a result, lots of media professionals are losing theirShow MoreRelatedAn Exploration of Media and its Effects on Social Rleationships: Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audience by David Croteau and William Hoynes1896 Words   |  8 PagesMedia is becoming an important aspect of today’s society. Each and every day, people interact with media of many different forms. Media is commonly defined as being a channel of communication. â€Å"Our everyday lives are saturated by radio, television, newspapers, books, the Internet, movies, recorded music, magazines, and more. 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Print Where America Gets Its News Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦4 Premise Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Personal Limitation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................†¦5 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Section 1: Birth of Electronic Media and its Popularity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Radio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Humble Beginnings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......6 From Navigation toRead MoreMarketing Channel44625 Words   |  179 Pagesproducers today sell their goods to ________. 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Chemistry Gcse Coursework Rates of Reaction free essay sample

Investigating how the concentration of sodium-thiosulphate (STS) and hydrochloric acid (HCL) affects the rate of reaction in the experiment. In addition I am also checking how different variables affect my experiment and also how I can make my test more precise, reliable and accurate. Strategy According to my results, as the concentration of STS solution increased the rate of reaction of my experiment was increased. Also as the concentration of STS solution decreased, the time of reaction increased. In my preliminary test I checked my equipment and I came to a conclusion that my equipment was working well. The preliminary test checked if the experiment actually worked and the things I used were reliable for me to use. The method I used to carry out my experiment was very reliable. I first picked the type of experiment I was going to do. Which consisted of many types or variables such as: changing the temperature, catalyst, surface area and concentration etc. As I had limited time I picked concentration. I also had to choose which type concentration I needed either 1 molar or 2 molars (concentration types). I realised that picking the 1 molar STS solution the rate of reaction was very slow. However in the 2 molar STS solution the rate of reaction was quick. As I was short on time I chose the 2 molar STS solution nevertheless picking this type of concentration could lead me to see more reaction between STS and HCL particles. Therefore allowing me to create an accurate test and allowing me to obtain precise results. Once I decided the concentration I then carried out my experiment. In my preliminary test I carried out my experiment using three beakers which contained of STS, H20 and HCL. In my experiment I applied H20 so that I could see the rate of reaction through a more dilute solution. I applied all of these solutions in to a conical flask. I recorded my results using a timer just to see if the experiment worked. What I predicted in my preliminary test was, as the sodium-thiosulphate concentration increased, the time taken for the solution to turn cloudy took longer. In this experiment I knew when the solution was completely cloudy was until the black cross underneath the flask had disappeared to my sight. Sodium-thiosulphate – used as solution as part of my experiment Hydrochloric Acid – used as solution as part of my experiment Beaker – used for carrying the solution Measuring cylinder – used for measuring the volume of solution Timer – used to measure the time taken for the solution to get cloudy Calculator – used to calculate the average time Conical Flask – used to carry out the experiment Black-cross card- used to see weather or not the solution had turned fully cloudy. Collecting Data In my experiment most of the variables I had were: volume of HCL, volume of STS, concentration of HCL or STS, temperature of room, type of apparatus and many more. The variable I changed was the volume of STS and the volume of water. The variable that I kept the same was the hydrochloric acid which remained at 30ml throughout the whole experiment. By doing so it made my experiment a fair test as I was controlling other variables such as HCL. I kept the other variables the same in order to allow my experiment to be a fair test. Taking temperature into consideration if I did not control this my results would be inaccurate. My experiment was carried out very safely. I made sure that I was wearing my safety goggles whilst I carried out my test. My experiment was placed not in the way of people so that my experiment is not any risk to me or them. In addition the safety rules made my experiment a fair test. Nevertheless regarding my data of results I had were very reliable and precise as I don’t have any outliers and my graph shows that the increase of STS is directly proportional to the time taken for the solution to become cloudy. To make sure that my test went accurately and precisely I made sure that my timing was accurately done not pressing the timer too early or late. This again shows that my test was a fair test. As the range of volumes of STS I had consisted between 12ml to 40ml although if I applied higher concentrations the test would have been more reliable. However I used these concentration types so that I can get a clear picture that STS reacts with HCL in a certain period of time. I repeated these volumes three times and as a result no outliers had become visible to me on my data. This suggested that my experiment was carried out very accurately. As well as in my preliminary test I also repeated the test three times so that I could see the results were accurate and precise. Similarly my real experiment was done very precisely such as calculating or measuring the results or measuring the amount of solution in each beaker etc. I predicted that I would find a wrong result whilst doing my experiment, however my prediction was wrong and the results were very accurate. If by chance I found an outlier I would not count it with the rest of my results and I would repeat that test again. One of my problems I encountered during my experiment was the time taken to press the timer which in my opinion affected my results. Interpreting Data What I notice in my results was that as the concentration of STS kept on increasing the time take for the solution to get cloudy was decreasing. For example when there was 12ml of STS the average time was 140 seconds. Where as when the STS was at 40ml the average time was 32 seconds which shows a very big relationship between the amount of STS and the time taken. This was due to the concentration of the STS solution. In comparison to my preliminary results I can see some similarities between the concentration types of the STS solution. Also I can see on my graph the scatter of results look very accurate and the natural trend of my results shows a negative correlation. What my graph shows is that the percentage of sodium-thiosulphate increased then the time taken for the experiment decreased. So as the sodium-thiosulphate particles increased which meant that there where more particles colliding with the hydrochloric acid particles. This altogether led to a decrease in the time taken for the reaction to happen. Not only is the results reliable but they are easy to understand as for the key which describes the part on the graph such as line of best fit, error bars etc. Therefore the data I obtained looks very reliable. The picture bellow suggests that if the concentration increases the collision rate increases. Also many other variables affect the collision rate to increase such as Catalysts and temperature etc. Evaluation In conclusion I think my experiment was very successful. My data is very reliable and accurate as I have no outliers. I probably did not encounter any outliers because the precision and the accuracy I applied to my investigation during timing or measuring etc. this shows the reliability of my investigation. The results could have been improved by repeating the investigation more times so that I can further improve the reliability of my data. On the other hand I am very confident with my results. On my graph the results show very small error bars which suggests that my results again were very accurate. I was also confidant with the safety of this experiment which mostly when I was pouring out STS and HCL. Therefore this applies to the accuracy of the test. On my table of results I repeated my investigation 3 times to ensure the reliability of my data. Nevertheless I measured the time taken to the nearest second which builds precision in my experiment. I am very confident with the method I used whilst using simple equipment and obtaining fantastic results and my experiment was a success. Overall I am really confident in this investigation, however I can make improvements. Maybe using a better timer to record my results would have granted me more accurate results. I could have also changed the concentration of the HCL solution. This would make my investigation more of a fair test because during my experiment I used a stronger concentration of the STS solution and so it would have been better if I used the stronger HCL solution. Also safety was equally important to the investigation. I can also improve my experiment by using a turbidity sensor which judges how cloudy things are. By using this turbidity sensor would give me more precise and reliable results. In my opinion this experiment was a very good choice as temperature, surface area and catalysts were also different variable choices, however what I noticed at the start of the experiment was that this investigation was easy to layout and the equipment was available. My results were outstanding seen as though I had no outliers or the error bars on my graph are very small. The line of best fit shows a natural trend between the solution and the average time taken. But taken into consideration the time taken to record the results was not 100% accurate. This problem would have been avoided if I used more accurate equipment. Taken as a whole I can see that my experiment went very well. I am very confident with my results and I can feel that my investigation was very precise, accurate and my results were extremely reliable. I also feel very confidant that my investigation went well.

Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia and Race Essay Example

Jefferson Notes on the State of Virginia and Race Essay Thomas Jefferson, a man who penned the words, All men are created equal, was a slave owner.To many, this is an inconceivable contradictiona hypocritical blasphemy against truth.However, Jefferson was ultimately a man of his times, mired in the social and political climate of his daya day, when slavery was a simple, if not repugnant, fact of life.But how, exactly, did Jefferson feel about racial difference and the justification of slaveryThe answer can be clearly found in his work, At the time of its writing, Jeffersons Notes was an important diplomatic document.Jefferson knew that the country desperately needed to have the support of various European nations if it was to successfully break free from the grasp of Great Britain.However, he worried that the image of the United States would be tarnished if the notion that its Indians had been conquered and enslaved.For this reason, he wrote, An inhuman practice once prevailed in this country of making slaves of the Indians. (This practic e commenced with the Spaniards with thefirst discovery of America).(61)Thus, Jefferson was keenly resolute in denying that the United States was responsible for enslaving American Indiansand he not only vigorously denied this fact, but shifted the blame onto the original Spanish explorers.However, this begs the questionwhat of the black slavesthe very ones he kept on his plantationTo Jefferson, the answer was clear.Not only was the situation and position of black slaves different, but it was far more dangerous to the survival of the country Indeed, Jefferson not only justifies the continuation of the institution of slavery in his writing, but he refers to a doom scenario, where, were slaves to be freed, the cumulative injustices infl

bright size life essays

bright size life essays The piece of music that I chose to write my project on is "Bright Size Life" collaboration by Jaco Pastorius, Pat Metheny and Bob Moses. This can be found on Pat Methenys debut album also titled Bright Size Life which was released in 1976 by EMC. This uplifting piece of music is an example of Jazz music at its finest. The three artists perfected the idea of improvisation while following a common theme and in doing so, created a timeless work of art. The role of each musician is just as important as the other. In this piece, Jaco Pastorius is on the bass, Pat Metheny is on the guitar and Bob Moses on the drums. It is hard for one to fathom that just three people can create such depth and variation using only three instruments, but that is precisely what the essence of jazz is. In this paper, I will try to show you how each of the three instruments create a different level of depth, harmony and color. Each artist brings something different of his own to the song, while allowing the others to do the same. ...Moses on the drums, hes keeping that motion going for us, propelling us, prodding us with different accents on different parts of the drum set, but above all hes always maintaining that pulse for us Les Sabina stated in the Spring concert of 2001. I think this is actually the same Moses that plays the drums in Bright Size Life, but no first name is mentioned. However, this quote does apply to the song regardless. Through out the entire song, the drums keep a constant pace or pulse for the other musicians to play off of. There are sections of the song where he only uses the cymbals. He is doing this to add momentum or color to that specific area of the song. If you listen in the beginning, he starts off only using cymbals with a little foot pedal, to pick up the momentum. Then almost instantly, he creates a pulse and quick change of mood from a build up that gives one the fe...

How to engage your team with better writing - Emphasis

How to engage your team with better writing How to engage your team with better writing If youve ever put off DIY, youll know that a dripping tap or peeling skirting board eventually just becomes one of lifes tolerations. If you put off the task long enough, it gets pushed to the dusty recesses of your mind. But it still chips away at your contentment, leaving you feeling uninspired and slightly uncomfortable in your own home. Our relationship with work is often the same. Unless issues are nipped in the bud, small upsets can lead to apathy. For instance, it can be disconcerting if your firm introduces a debt-collection method that goes against your current client-centred approach. And if this new approach subsequently harms the relationships youve already built with a client, its likely that youll feel conflicted between your roles. You might start to dread dealing with clients you previously enjoyed working with. Your relationships with colleagues can also become strained. If there are no structures in place to fix the issue, it will be hard for you to feel motivated and passionate about your job. After a while, you may begin to accept the new status quo. But youre not as productive because the environment doesnt allow you to perform to your highest ability. These types of work worries are common. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) has drawn together academic studies on employee engagement. One study of a cross-section of UK workers from various industries showed that only 35 per cent of people feel they are engaged in their work. Other studies suggest that 22 per cent of workers (6.4 million people) feel discontented and unproductive. Yet the solutions to workplace disgruntlement can be surprisingly simple. Research sponsored by the O.C. Tanner Company found that saying thank you to staff increases engagement by 20-30 per cent. And with such large results from a simple statement, its clear that communication is a powerful weapon in feeling productive and inspired at work. Engagement isnt something that can be demanded from someone, nor can it be part of a job description. Its the willingness to do that little bit extra, simply because you care, or because you feel that it will be appreciated. Its vital that your organisation creates an entrepreneurial-style culture, where employees have the drive and ambition to succeed. So, whether or not youre not part of the senior management team, you need to drive initiatives that enable managers to directly listen to employee views. And by communicating clearly you can help to set clear management objectives. Tools for engagement The first step to engagement is finding ways for you and your colleagues to share your views. Hopefully, your firm will have an internal newsletter or intranet site that welcomes contributions from employees. Reports are also great tools for communicating your thoughts and ideas. This can help you to hone your recommendations so that your internal documents are clear and concise. Taking the write steps The following tips will help you to create a high-impact writing style so that you can express your ideas and recommendations clearly. Engage your reader Before you touch your computer keyboard, spend a few minutes focusing on your reader. Dont assume, for example, that everyone in your organisation will understand detailed aspects of the human resources process. Ask yourself the following questions: What is the document about? Who will read it? How much do they already know about the subject? What do they absolutely need to know? How important is the subject to them? How interested are they in the subject? Focus on your main message Whether youre writing a short newsletter article or a lengthy report, make sure youre crystal clear on what you really want to say. Take a pencil and a piece of paper and create a spidergram of all your ideas. Keep writing until youve exhausted every possibility. Then group together the ideas that have elements in common. Next, decide what you think is most important. This idea needs to come right at the top of your document. Then you present the other points in order of importance, making sure to leave out any unessential points. Apply this same technique when youre writing the executive summary of a report. Managers have competing priorities and many other documents to read. So if your summary isnt compelling they may decide just to skim read the rest of the report. This could mean that the gems in your report are lost. Remember, your task is to create a more engaging working environment. Youve got to connect with your reader first. Create powerful sentences Using verbs instead of nouns makes your sentences more powerful. Consider the sentence, I expect the software to create a 15 per cent increase in productivity. It is much more powerful than, My expectation is that there will be a creation in productivity of 15 per cent when using the software. Using the verbs expect and create over the nouns expectation and creation makes the sentence punchier. And try to limit the length of your sentences to 20 words. This makes them easier to read. (You could shorten this example still further to: I expect the software to increase productivity by 15 per cent.) Use headings, subheadings and bullet points Break up your documents into digestible chunks and keep your paragraphs short. Use subheads and make sure that they highlight your main points. If your reader only reads the subheads they should still be left with the gist of your document. Bullet points are another great tool for making your documents readable. They help to grab attention; reduce word count and help your readers to scan for the important information. Be persuasive Speaking directly to your readers can help them to take action. So dont be afraid to use the words I, you, we and us. Similarly, always opt for the active voice over the passive voice. For example, write, We hold employee forums every Wednesday, instead of Employee forums will be held every Wednesday. The first sentence has more movement and life its also more likely to make someone want to attend a forum. Avoid management speak Aim to make your writing as plain and simple as possible; dont fall into the trap of using management speak. Terms such as raising the bar and low hanging fruit are best left to David Brent from The Office. Your writing will have far more impact if you use simple terms to express your ideas. Create a call to action Know what action you want your reader to take, and then ask them to take it. If appropriate, you could even offer an incentive. (Email us at info@company.com with all your great ideas for improving internal communication. The best ideas will win a 50 MS gift voucher.) This may be a step too far, but at least make sure that theres something in it for the reader. Always keep your readers needs in mind when writing your call to action. Use a fine tooth comb Once youve completed your document, print out a copy and proofread it slowly by stopping a pencil at every word. Look out for typos and spelling mistakes, but also see where you can prune out unnecessary words. For example, terms such as pre-prepare and forward planning contain redundant words. All planning goes forward and preparation is preparation: you cant pre-prepare. Dont be afraid to delete whole sentences if they dont add much to the document, or repeat something that was said earlier. Email made easy Most of us have fired off an email in haste and regretted it at leisure. Hopefully, you didnt do so at work. But if you did, its a lesson that email and emotion dont mix. If youre feeling particularly fired up about a particular workplace issue, by all means type it out on an email. But dont even consider typing in an address or pressing the send button until youve had time to reflect. The rule of thumb is that if you wouldnt want it broadcast on the 10 o clock news, dont send it on an email. The SCRAP formula below will help you to write emails that grab your readers attention for all the right reasons. Situation Begin by explaining the situation (where you or your department are now). Complication Introduce the idea that theres a problem (why you or your department cant stay where you are). Resolution State your resolution to the problem. The reader will perceive you as an expert because you have a ready-made way of fixing things. Action Suggest what action the reader can or should take. Offer a viewpoint that is new and intriguing. Politeness Finally, end with a polite, but thought provoking sign-off. When it comes to email, usually the fewer people you put in the carbon copy box, the better. But distributing important ideas and recommendations isnt spamming. So make sure that important documents are forwarded to the wider organisation. Whether you want to highlight a brand new piece of bookkeeping software or demonstrate an innovative approach to credit control, its important to look beyond your administrative role. So, investigate areas of your work where you can make real improvements. Remember, if a workforce isnt engaged, its likely that the staff turnover will be high. But even if you see colleagues becoming disenchanted and leaving, that doesnt mean you need to join them. The techniques youve learnt such as focusing on your reader and clarifying your main message can also be used in verbal communication and can help you stand your ground. Improving productivity isnt just about working harder. Its also about improving your knowledge so that your work has greater impact. By honing your written communication skills, you make other parts of your job easier. But whatever issues you face at work, dont let them put you off your path. When you take responsibility for driving your own career success and happiness, you set the stage for clear communication. And that ultimately helps you and your colleagues to be more engaged and productive. Robert Ashton is the Chief Executive of Emphasis. Want to write more engagingly? See our courses for individuals or our courses for groups. Alternatively, send us a message or call one of our friendly advisors on +44 (0)1273 961 810

Case Study Chapter 12 How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria

Chapter 12 How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria - Case Study Example Maria is an excellent resource to the school; diversity encourages creativity among other new ideas, which enhances competitiveness of the institution in question. From the case study, we see her taking the initiatives of communicating to the less fortunate girls among other children with different challenges, which seem to affect their life in school. These kinds of the initiative will ultimately boost the performance of the school. Such girls will have the courage to face life challenges as they have a person who guides and motivates them. This idea came from Maria, and it is a clear example of a new idea, which boost competitiveness (Miller 227). Diversity creates an opportunity where an institution creates an effective environment, which meets global standards. In reference to the case study, we see it was through the diversity that they came to uphold the position of Maria in the District School. If they had not taken the initiative of hiring her, they would not have realized the benefits along with hiring women. Such standards enhance the institution’s competitiveness (Miller 227). Tokenism in this case is about challenges facing Maria, yet she does not have the authority to overcome some of these issues. Ideal example is the issue concerning role model. It is ethical for a teacher to be a role model to the students, but this practically possible if the administration is acting as a role model to the minor teachers as well. In this instance, Maria feels challenges because she is doing a lot, but getting little in return of her efforts (Miller 229). The tokenism issues that Maria has to deal with concerns doing a lot and getting little appreciation. They think it is a privilege to offer her the job opportunity, but they do not value the effort in classroom, supportive talks she offers to students and the community service duties. If I were the communication consultant

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

International Business - Essay Example that are very well suited to the regions they operate, the cultural difference in different in different nations may not be found with the small business enterprise as we see in with large companies with high volume of operations. Create logistic support for the small companies or enable them to use the economical logistic resources with funding their activities through the public owned means of transport. Liberalization of aviation policies for transport among the regional trading block countries. The governments should form forums and communities for developing the multinational business etiquettes and cultural knowledge to enable the small companies’ leadership team to be more constructive in enhancing the business terms. Governments should provide consulting advisory boards on the industries, functions specific to enhance the knowledge about the opportunities for the small companies with respect to business volumes, clientele and consumer

Impact of internet social and political Essay Example for Free

Impact of internet social and political Essay The internet is less than two decades old but its impact has been felt by almost everyone in the global village. It has not only revolutionized our personal interaction habits but has also impacted greatly on other spheres of our life, most notably the economy. In many societies, the digital technology has not only influenced the political communication but also the whole political systems. Shapiro (1999) suggests that the digital technology has captured the attention of everyone from the media, government and the general public. Although the invention of the internet has brought with it some negative aspects, the digital technology has been hailed as the man’s new road to the better world. This paper will try to discuss some of the aspects of the internet that have continuously impacted on our social and political behaviours as citizens. Computers and the internet have greatly facilitated and expanded the individuals’ capacities in every sector of the society. Gurstein (2000) contends that the new ICTs have impacted almost everyone from institutions to business to organizations to the political arena. The impact has been so great that every sector of our society feels obliged to embrace the information communication technology in order to either improve the running of the government, community networking or to improve the citizen participation in the new information society. Terms such as â€Å"citizen networks†, â€Å"digital cities† or â€Å"e-governments† have become common expressions these days. They simply imply the new ways of interactions that exist between the governed and the government and new ideas regarding the metropolitan policies, through the use of electronic media (Sclove, 1995). The urban settings, built landscape as well as the social setting in our society, has undergone tremendous transformation from the last decade into the new millennium. The citizens have also not been left behind in this era of transformation. What we consider space, time, and our perception of politics as well as what we consider public or private and local or global has greatly changed. The advancement in the information communication technology has largely contributed to the changes in our cities and contemporary societies (Tsagarousianou, Tambini, Bryan, 1998). There is a new concept that has caught on with most people in our society concerning governance. The term â€Å"electronic democracy† though has been in use since 1960s when most activists introduced a number of communication medias like free radio stations, to make the governments more accountable and responsive to its citizens, has found its way back in the advent of the internet (Sclove, 1995). Internet is currently being used to marshal grassroots groups to support a certain cause by most civil activists. There is also a growing mass of citizen initiatives that help to shape public opinion and thus influencing policies both at the national and local level. The internet therefore has greatly challenged the hitherto monopolies of the most political classes through better communication networks that have empowered the citizens to create a form of democracy in the society (Schuler, 1998). Today, many cities around the globe have created home pages in the internet and forums for interaction with their city residents. Governments around the world both at the local and national level in developed and developing nations alike, have invested in e-government projects through networks that enable citizens access to government structures, engage in online transactions or to get information on government policies. Some of these networks and sites have enable citizens to participate in most decision making regarding the management of urban habitats (Underwood, 2002). The internet has great potential to amass groups of people persuasive to certain ideologies. Many organizations now have websites which they use not only to communicate with their members but to recruit more like-minded individuals into their groups. Indeed the internet has become one of the major tools for lobbying citizens to a particular cause. Such organizations as the Internet Society and Voters Frontier Foundation have been very active in recruiting and educating the public on political issues in America (Tsagarousianou, Tambini, Bryan, 1998). These groups have greatly contributed to the policy making processes through intensive lobbying. The internet has therefore provided a better platform for the citizens to actively participate in the political arena. This development has actually dealt a big blow to the interest group politics that have gone on over the years (Davis, 1999). The internet has impacted greatly on how we interact these days. Due to its widespread and accessibility, the information communication technology has completely changed the forms of social engagements. Today, there are numerous social networking sites that have increased the speed at which we do interact and organize our social activities. The most notable ones are MySpace and Facebook, which have simply taken the social interactions to the next level. These sites not only make it easier to keep in touch with friends and family members but enable subscribers to find other friends online. The era of information communication has ushered in a new way of keeping contacts with others no matter the distance between us. In a nutshell, the internet has reduced the world to a global village where everyone can be reached simply by a few clicks of the mouse (Subrahmanyam Greenfield, 2008). The social networking sites have also been very important in educating the public on social and political problems afflicting the society. There are groups of people who have formed social forums and recruited individuals with like-minded views on the social and political events in the country. Members would be easily reached through the internet and topics as well as current affairs discussed. These forums have been quite helpful in bringing change in the political and social arenas in our country. It is the emergence of the internet as a political tool that some countries like the Myanmar, Iran and China have censored its usage among their citizens. These countries have restricted contents of political and religious materials that are accessible to their citizens (Shapiro, 1999). Again, a new internet phenomenon has emerged reshaping the politics and political activities in many countries around the global. What has been referred to as the internet activism has caught on in many countries and political players and citizens alike have embraced internet to win masses into their camps and political groupings (Tolbert, McNeal, 2003). The current United States president Barrack Obama owes much of his political success to the internet. He amassed overwhelming campaign funds that enabled him outmuscle his opponents in the 2008 elections simply by recruiting a greater mass of followers through the internet. The citizens who were eager for change contributed wholeheartedly to this cause through internet donation. What was most remarkable was the overwhelming following Obama was able to attract over a short period of time in politics. Those who contributed included even non-Americans, who found it easier because of the internet. The internet has also provided leisure activities to its users through social entertainment sites. Currently, there are a number of forums that provide games, videos, and cartoons to entertain internet users. The internet has also enabled easy access to news and information. People these days are able to watch and listen to news, book for vacations, get information on weather and many other things of their interest. There are also thousands of blog sites that have not only provided a platform of communication but have enabled most people to interact by sharing views on various happenings around them. The blog sites have also become political tools most citizens use to lobby people onto their way of thinking (Rodgers, 2003). During the early stages of its development, in the early 1990s, the digital technology led to what many considered internet-euphoria. Many optimists believe it was the new dawn to mankind’s participation in social, political as well as economic spheres in his society. These euphoric evaluation has somewhat changed over the years as more people are now becoming more aware of the dangers technological advancement may pose to the society (Engel, Keller, 2000). There is the issue of lack of internet safety as the social networking sites have proved to be. The critics of internet claim that it may increase cyber thefts or deceits because one may be able to steal one’s identity especially from the social networking sites. The challenges posed by the internet to the political activities have been cited as some propaganda wars between nations which may spill over into real battles (Tolbert, McNeal, 2003). Conclusion The internet has profound altered our societal operation both in political and social spheres. The citizens will continue to access vital information that would eventually empower them which in turn will reshape the politics and political class that have long governed with their interest-based policies. Again, the internet has proved to be a better social tool in our society because it has made interaction easier than before. However, there are a few challenges that must be overcome to make it safer for every user.

Discussion on the Problems of Quantum Theory :: Physics Essays

Discussion on the Problems of Quantum Theory The early 1930s gave us quantum theory, and along with that came many new physical and philosophical arguments. Many problems exist in quantum physics, and many brilliant scientists have spent their lives trying to understand. Heisenberg gave us The Uncertainty Principle, the idea that nothing is certain, just within a probability of certain. It also questioned the scientific method of observation, arguing that no measurement can show an object’s true nature. This brought the idea of quanta, different states, and the question of objects existing in more than one state, or having a dual nature. Scientists, physicists and mathematicians alike have all pondered and questioned these theories for many years and yet there are still problems left unresolved. One of the problems with quantum theory and The Heisenberg Uncertainty principle is the reliance on probabilities. This is to say that nothing can be exactly predicted, just predicted within a certain probability. This implies that nothing can be certain; that there is an uncertainty associated with every statement, even those we consider facts. â€Å"This uncertainty leads to many strange things. For example, in a Quantum Mechanical world, I cannot predict where a particle will be with 100 % certainty. I can only speak in terms of probabilities. For example, I can say that an atom will be at some location with a 99 % probability, but there will be a 1 % probability it will be somewhere else (in fact, there will be a small but finite probabilty that it will be found across the Universe). This is strange† (Heisenberg). This problem is especially troubling at the microscopic level because there still are many uncertainties involved. Scientific technologies have not yet bec ome omniscient. There are still limitations to what can be observed and measured. â€Å"It is important to understand that this is not simply a philosophical question or a rhetorical debate. In QM one often must model systems as the superposition of two or more possible outcomes. Superpositions can produce interference effects and thus are experimentally distinguishable from mixed states. How does a superposition of different possibilities resolve itself into some particular observation?† (Quantum Measurement). This measurement brings up another issue with quantum theory. There was a great debate among scientists as to whether it was possible to measure things without changing them.

International Mareketing Management Of Mcdonald’s Essay

McDonalds one of the largest fast food selling restaurant chains in the world was established in 1940 by two brothers Richard and Maurice McDonalds. This restaurant started its business as a barbeque restaurant but latter specialized in making ham burgers, the restaurant got the attention of Ray Kroc an American businessman who became the franchising agent of McDonalds in 1955 and took McDonalds to its international growth. Ray Kroc made the McDonalds Corporation and added certain training facilities for employees which made McDonalds a divine training institution for student. McDonalds Corporation also introduced the Hamburger University which laid the very sole of quality management in students and provided scholarships to excel students and student employees of McDonalds. 1) International And Domestic Marketing Principles Of McDonalds: McDonalds, the global fast food giant with more than 34,000 local eating joints serving nearly 69 million people in 119 countries each day,[1] has a substantial presence in Pakistan. Though McDonalds insists on a universal standard the fast food behemoth still allows customization of its products and services meeting a particular business need. Yet the company’s franchisees across geographies have a similar approach to business in multiple parameters. A marked compatibility with regard to quality and service between McDonald restaurants, even they are far apart from each other in terms of geographical location, is the hallmark of the fast food giant. McDonalds Pakistan recognizes its socio-cultural context, hence has replaced traditional hamburger for halal food free of pork. The fast food chain also prefers to procure meat from local halal abattoir. The product promotion strategies, one of the key areas of marketing principles, always need to be agreed upon in order to optimize the market performance of McDonald. The US based company’s expansion in Pakistan would require working on commercials that can appeal to the local customers under the guidelines of Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). 2) Growing Global Market Environment Of McDonalds: McDonald together with Lakson Group has incorporated Siza Foods (Pvt) Ltd to own a chain of 22 restaurants in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Hyderabad & Faisalabad. McDonald relies on franchisee, or affiliated or organic expansion as a model for its growth. McDonald’s overseas growth plan including its Pakistan market must be in line with its current revenue, if not more. Also, the food chain would like its primary products to top its menu such as cheeseburgers, chicken, French fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts. However, certain regional markets such as Pakistan must adapt to local demand for halal meat which would require hamburger to be replaced by halal meat. Also, the company should always remain prepared to changing consumer tastes – many regional customers forced McDonald to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies and fruit. The local delicacies of Pakistan such as grilled Tandoori chicken may in the future menu of McDonald. Acquisition of rival businesses In this era of development and innovation McDonalds USA being highly flourished in its domestic market is spreading its business internationally. In growing globally McDonalds USA considered franchising as their mean, which is a safe, less costly and easy method with minimum legal obligations. McDonalds opened its first franchise in 1955 by Ray Kroc, who also established the McDonalds Corporation. Since then McDonalds is growing its business and now operates in 119 countries. In Pakistan McDonalds has given franchising rights to Lakson Group of Companies headed by Mr. Amin Lakhani. McDonalds Pakistan opened its first franchise in September 1998 in the city of Lahore, a week later it opened another franchise in Karachi and thus it went on increasing its franchises in 8 big cities of Pakistan. McDonalds USA however has taken over few small scale fast food retailers, who were facing difficulty in competing with competitors in the business. 3) Practical Marketing Cross Cultural Implication Of McDonalds Operation Abroad: McDonalds USA being in its domestic market is well aware of the cultural implication prevailing in USA, which tends the growth of McDonalds as it knows the language, culture, society and laws of the country. In case of McDonalds Pakistan there are barriers to McDonalds USA on various grounds like power distance, individualism, uncertainty, masculinity and long term orientation. In Pakistan the society is based on certain social and cultural grounds that does not allow people will less experience to participate in decision making, in this way there is an unjust power distribution were people are feel bound and limited as to decisions made by elders. In Pakistan in all most all fields of business individualism is observed where task are being created by directors which are then followed by managers and carried on to subordinates, in a way were the directors take all stress of creating the idea rather than considering a group discussion on the point. In Pakistan the uncertainty element is high due to lack of security issue in the country and unstable law and order prevailing in the country, which tends businesses to be very cautious when taking certain business decisions. The socio-culture environment in Pakistan is based on a male dominant society, were the decision making is restricted to male members of society and there is a lack of equality of thoughts as women mostly are not allowed to part in decision making. Pakistan being one of the underdeveloped countries is far from looking at long term orientation as country faces many financial and economic crises which restricts businesses to look at long term orientation and compels them to take part in short term goals. 4) Current And Potential Cultural Differences: Food industries wither prevailing in its domestic or international market has to follow cultural trends of the country in which it is to operate. In the context of McDonalds USA and McDonalds Pakistan both prevail in countries with entirely different cultural grounds. The culture prevailing in USA is quiet broad minded, where they consider freedom of speech, less religious resistance and equality of gender. Being so McDonalds USA enjoys many privileges due to freedom of speech and less religious resistance, where they can sell their products without any regards of being halal or haram, they can make advertisements keeping away from certain explicit materials which are exempted by American law. In American society equality of gender allows women to work for their living which has helped McDonalds USA to recruit female staff in their stores. The culture of Pakistan is narrow minded as compared to USA , where freedom of speech is limited within social, moral and religious grounds, religion plays a vital role in almost every expect of life and gender equality is not observed as women are not encouraged to work and participate in career building activities. In this case McDonalds Pakistan has to work in limitation of Islamic Sharia and has to make its products with halal ingredients. McDonalds Pakistan also has to make advertisement of its products in limitation of rules set by PEMRA. In Pakistan women are not allowed by their families to work in an environment where they would be serving men or dressed in an uncultured manner which restricts women to work in a food chain like McDonalds. First and foremost, according to a Hadith in Al-Tirmidhi, it has been narrated by Hadhrat Abu Darda (Radi Allah Anho) that alcohol is the key to all evil; this is consuming it or selling it. It is totally Haraam to sell alcohol and the income earned is also Haraam. It is Haraam for a Muslim to sell something that is Haraam for him to eat or use. The Holy Prophet, Hadhrat Muhammad-ur Rasullullaah (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, â€Å"If Allah Taa’la makes Haraam the consumption of something; He also makes Haraam its transaction.† (Musnad Ahmad, Hadith no. 2546)[2] (2.1) Project Management Techniquesof McDonalds: McDonalds USA a company form by merger of two companies initiated its project with a franchise selling burgers and milk shakes. The company followed the traditional approach of project management techniques were they planned and designed their production, quality, distribution, staffing criteria and location. After the planning and designing of these ideas by McDonalds USA they started execution of these ideas and concentrated on further construction of these ideas. McDonalds USA after putting its ideas in action worked on ways to control and monitor it by making certain software that would allow it check its sales, inventory and financial summary in real time. This project development technique used by McDonalds USA has made its business successful in USA to a great extent and has also created an image in the international market which is spreading its business across the globe. Pakistan’s market being a complex and unfamiliar market for McDonalds USA has led to providing franchising authority to Lakson group of companies a leading business group in Pakistan, which knows the business trends in the country and how to act in according to it. This group has helped McDonalds Pakistan to grow in a flourishing manner as most elements in the country are against American commodities. (2.2) Different Stages of McDonalds international marketing development including: – Domestic – Ethnocentric – Polycentric and – Geocentric. These different stages were introduced Howard V in 1969. These stages indicate the staffing preferences of any firm in an international market. The Domestic stage refers to allocating or recruiting staff from within the country of the company. The Ethnocentric stage is similar to domestic stage in terms of staff recruitment but the country in which the company recruits staff is not its own country. The Polycentric stage refers to employ staff from the country in which you are doing business. The Geocentric stage refers to employ staff throughout the globe in order to achieve the objectives of the firm by using skillful people of the world. These stages have emerged due too certain aspect prevailing in the world, which tends multinational companies to adopt these stages. McDonalds being a multinational fast food chain has adopted different stages in different countries. In Pakistan McDonalds has adopted Polycentric view of staffing. This is due to many reasons like language barrier, religious aspect prevailing in the country, lack of security reasons for foreigners and high ratio of unemployment of the locals in the country. As compared to McDonalds in America where there are both domestic and geocentric views of employment. This is due to the difference in their countries environment, thinking and political condition. (2.3) Market Research Process of McDonalds in International Marketing: McDonalds being world famous in its fast food chain and delivering its best in making delicious and unique burgers has to go through certain market research process for the international market. This marketing research process has to be worked out by following a range of steps in order to accomplish tasks which curtail the research. These tasks are related to problem identification, setting objectives, data collection and analyses and finally preparing the report of the research. Before entering the Pakistani market McDonalds had to do a thorough market research in which they firstly highlighted the areas of problem they will have to work on, secondly they made objectives to solve these problems, for this purpose they started collecting data through both primary and secondary sources which would provide helpful information to them regarding their problems and after collection of the data through public serves, various economist, external sources and advertisement, they analyzed these collected data and got solutions through their problems. Due to the through market research by McDonalds it is now successfully flourishing its business in Pakistan. (2.4) Market Choice and Market Entry Strategy Options Used By McDonalds: When deciding to start a fast food chain of the west like McDonalds in a country like Pakistan who follows and practices Islamic Laws and Sharia McDonalds will have to face many Barriers of its entry, to overcome these barriers McDonalds will have to make certain strategies. The first and foremost barrier is socio cultural barrier which states to the religious aspect in the country that allows to deal only in Halal commodities, to overcome this McDonalds will have to provide its franchise Halal meat and ingredients. The second barrier is the source of capital for running its business, to see through this problem McDonalds has started subscribing its Franchising to the locals of Pakistan and does not have to invest on its own and enjoys loyalty from them. The third barrier is the terms and tariffs prevailing in Pakistan, to face this barrier McDonalds will have to organize its business in the prospective terms and tariffs of the country. (2.5) Impact Of Cost Leadership, Differentiation and Focus On Branding, Brand Strength and Recognition in Country Specific Markets of McDonalds: Cost leadership is a process through which a company focuses on producing commodities or product at lowest cost. This process is dependent upon the companies prospective of its performance, size, scale and experience. A fast growing worldwide food chain like McDonalds also focuses on branding, brand strength and recognition of it brands in country specific markets. Branding refers to making an indication of a specific company in terms of logo, picture, mark or delivering a certain look of a commodity. McDonalds also make certain analysis on its brand strength in terms of its competitors by making Qualitative and Quantitative analysis on its customers. The outcome from these researches helps McDonalds in making any changes to its products for gaining strength of its brand and also making its recognition in the country specific market. The restaurant industry is known for yielding low margins that can make it difficult to compete with a cost leadership marketing strategy. McDonald’s has been extremely successful with this strategy by offering basic fast-food meals at low prices. They are able to keep prices low through a division of labor that allows it to hire and train inexperienced employees rather than trained cooks. It also relies on few managers who typically earn higher wages. These staff savings allow the company to offer its foods for bargain prices.[3] (3.1) International Product Strategies ofMcDonalds: In international product strategies McDonald USA uses different strategies as compared to its international market in McDonalds Pakistan. In USA the company produces its product in a standard manner, where commodities are prepared as per the standard of the people in the country. The America food cuisine mostly consists of burgers with western mild spices and a preference of tender burger patties not considered overcooking the meat and removing its flavors. In McDonalds Pakistan the taste preference of the people is different as compared to the American society. In Pakistan people follow the Indian cuisine of curries, tempting spices, rich flavored food, and nicely cooked meat. In this case McDonalds USA cannot adopt the same standards of taste in McDonalds Pakistan as it would not satisfy the customers in the country, who are not familiar with the taste of western community. In this case McDonalds Pakistan will be on a different verge of innovation rather than extending on the same methods of production of USA. (3.2) Pricing Strategies For Market Penetration Used By McDonalds: McDonalds USA has adopted a reasonable pricing strategy for its market, which makes McDonalds USA affordable for the people with different level of income. McDonald’s is using Value-Pricing Strategy whereby its offer just the right combination of quality and good service at a fair price to their consumers.[4] This shows McDonalds USA competitive pricing strategy, which is keeping it above its competitors and helping it to become people’s choice. In McDonalds Pakistan the same Value Pricing strategy is being adopted by Lakson group, but the company is not prospering in the same capacity as McDonalds USA as the level of income of population in Pakistan is low and a majority of people cannot afford a quality meal. This has limited the market penetration of McDonalds in Pakistan as people expect low prices on food products, which the company cannot beer. (3.3) Objectives of International Communication Campaign: McDonalds being recognized by the world as a great food retailer has to maintain an international communication campaign, which tends to keep in touch with customer feedback as well country or region feedback, but this international communication campaign has laid certain issues when concerned with McDonalds Pakistan and other such country were polices are similar to Pakistan. In Pakistan the national language is Urdu, the country is an Islamic state, target audience is completely different from USA or other countries and it has a different culture and feedback of the people for the communication campaign. Hence McDonalds follows different communication campaign in different country and is making progress towards it development. McDonalds however has raised a slogan which say â€Å"I’m lovin’ it† is set on international standard and is being followed in all the countries were McDonalds is operating. (3.4) Elements of Marketing Mix In Relation to International Markets: McDonalds being spread around the globe on the basis of franchising has less to do with international delivery as its main purpose is to monitor the standard it has set for its product. McDonalds however uses different packaging, storage and delivery procedures in USA and Pakistan. In Pakistan the storage and packaging standard are being checked and prepared by Lakson Group, this group is also responsible for sending the supplies to the franchises prevailing in the country and making shore that these supplies come from a halal source. The delivery of the products to the customers are being monitored by a call center who checks the availability of the products and sends the order to most nearest franchise of the corresponding customer, that can deliver the product in a reasonable amount of time. In USA the same procedure is being followed however the regulatory body is the McDonalds organization itself. (3.5) Importance of E-Services to Other Countries: In this new era of innovation of and improvement e services has played a major role by making sharing of information, transaction and techniques easy, simple and quick. McDonalds USA being a spread across the globe has made its mark by these services by aware people of their products and deals. These e service has helped McDonalds USA in many ways, firstly by transmitting its idea to the public, secondly by gaining feedbacks from its customer through their website, thirdly by collecting data from its operating franchises and fourthly by collecting information from different sources for new potential markets and their requirement. McDonalds Pakistan has also made benefits of these e services and provided various useful information on its website and certain suggestion and feedback form for inquire of their customer. This e services also make customer aware of their future events and new products and deals to be offered.

Mini Case

I. Deals-R-Us Brokers (Part 1) Fred Jones, a distant relative of yours and president of Deals-R-Us Brokers (DRUB), has come to you for advice. DRUB is a small brokerage house that enables its clients to buy and sell stocks over the Internet, as well as place traditional orders by phone or fax. DRUB has just decided to offer a set of stock analysis tools that will help its clients more easily pick winning stocks, or so Fred tells you. Fred’s information systems department has presented him with two alternatives for developing the new tools.The first alternative will have a special tool developed in C++ that clients will download onto their computers to run. The tool will communicate with the DRUB server to select data to analyze. The second alternative will have the C++ program running on the server, the client will use his or her browser to interact with the server. a. Classify the two alternatives in terms of what type of application architecture they use. b. Outline the pros and cons of the two alternatives and make a recommendation to Fred about which is better. Mini Case 1 SolutionThe second alternative will use the host-based architecture. Using this alternative, the server will do all the work. Because of this, the server will become very slow in processing those requests as more users are sending them. It cost a lot of money to upgrade those mainframes. The first alternative will use the client-server application architecture. In this case, the server and the client computer will share the workload. The server will be able to respond to many users’ requests without any slowness. This is the best option Fred needs to use for his business.

History of Photography †Humanities Essay

History of Photography – Humanities Essay Free Online Research Papers History of Photography Humanities Essay The Early Days Photography was first used by Sir John Herschel in 1839. This was also the year the photographic process was made public. Prior to 1839 about ten individuals had tried to make a photograph, however only four were successful. They were: Joseph Nicephore Niepce, Louis J.M. Daguerre, Hippolyte Bayard and William Henry Talbot from England. All of them used techniques which had been known for some time but hadn’t before been successful. The first technique was optical. Scientists had previously discovered that light passing through a small hole in a darkroom projects an inverted image on the opposite wall. The hole was replaced by something which makes the image sharper and brighter. This was called a lens. By the eighteenth century the dark room was replaced by a portable box. The next technique was chemical. During 1727, Johann Heinrich Schulze found out that the right chemicals turned dark when exposed to light. The first attempt to use these chemicals to make the image was unsuccessfully made by Thomas Wedgwood in the 1800s. The Daguerreotype which was bought by the French and made public on 19 August 1839, produced a picture on metal. In comparison the Calotype, which was invented by Talbot in 1840, produced a negative photo on paper. A positive of the picture was made on a sheet of chemically sensitized paper. This was an advantage because any number of positives could be made from the one negative. MASS PRODUCTION Frederick Scott Archer’s process substituted glass for Talbot’s method. The mass production of Albumen Prints of very fine detail was possible. Until 1880 this method was in popular demand for portraits and strange places. Most of the 19th century photographs were in this category. THE MODERN CAMERA The Kodak camera which was first introduced in 1888 caused huge changes to the world of photography. The camera was preloaded with film for up to 100 photos. When you finished the film, the whole camera was returned to the factory were the film was developed, printed and the camera was reloaded. The camera cost just $1.00, while each roll of film was only 10 cents. The first optical range finder came onto the market during 1916. The Super Kodak 620 was introduced in 1938. This was a very expensive snapshot camera because the exposure control method was fully automated. World War II however stopped production of these cameras. The process of automatic functions on most cameras was completed in the late 1970s. This was when the first generation of â€Å"point and shoot† cameras appeared to the general public. These cameras were so easy to use even a beginner photographer could take decent pictures. Imaging with photographs began with the invention of a large box where light could produce images. Photography itself began with photographers inserting silver coated glass plates into large boxes. They discovered that chemicals reacted with the silver plates that could create an opposite image when treated with other various chemicals. Using specialized paper with more chemicals could produce the positive photographs. Many of the pictures of Abraham Lincoln were produced through this time-consuming process. It became necessary for many photographers to find a simpler process. The next major step in photography was the invention of film. A lot of the early processes still used today employed the loading of large cameras with large amounts of film. During World War II cameras became more like they are today. The single lens reflex allowed photographers more opportunity to focus and choose images that were in the distance. The Polaroid camera was invented around the 1960s and this made it even easier for the hobbyist by having one sheet of paper, which could be pulled out and developed instantly after the photo was taken. Silicon chips were added to the cameras and this automatically controlled the shutter speed, focus and lighting. Around the 1980s nearly every home had at least one camera. Today, the choices of camera for both the amateur and professional are endless, from expensive for the professionals to the disposable camera. Digital cameras are also available. They produce images ready for web sites and are also instant so you can view the photo you just took on the LCD screen. Most photo developers offer a choice of either prints, slides or on a CD-Rom so you can edit your photos taken with a digital camera. Research Papers on History of Photography - Humanities EssayRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementGenetic EngineeringIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

5 Famous People Who Found Success Despite Failures

5 Famous People Who Found Success Despite Failures Failure and success are two sides of the same coin. In order to succeed, you must fail. But how do we overcome the negative mindset that we may develop  as a result of failing more than once? A lot of people get back up after failing once, but getting back up after failing 10 or 11 times is the real challenge. We can find inspiration from some of the world’s most notable figures. Here are 5 successful people who found success despite their failures:Source [demilked.com]

An analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's Pyscho and its contribution to the Research Paper

An analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's Pyscho and its contribution to the American horror film - Research Paper Example The following paragraphs try to analyze the reasons behind the movie "Psycho" turning out to be a benchmark film, not only for its introduction of new genre, but for the presentation of art in such a unique and unconventional manner. (Schaffer 2000) The man behind the movie is the person to be 'blamed' responsible for the introduction of this genre. Alfred Hitchcock, one of the greatest directors of all time is claimed to be one of the very few who could understand the pulse of the audience and play with that. His principle technique in presenting such kinds of Slashers films, especially Psycho was that he always scripts the movie with the audience in mind and how do they respond for each scene. His theory behind people coming to movie halls to watch it in dark is to enjoy their fear without having to worry about any danger. Falling from cliffs, fighting a tiger etc., all are things highly improbable in reality. (Bays 2004) But, people like to realize them and when such events are shown in film medium, they enjoy the fun and they become eager for more. Such is the power of cinema and none other than Hitchcock could have exploited it like the way he did. (Schaffer 2000) Secondly, Hitchcock captured the emotion of the audience in each and every scene. In any frame of a movie, the position of the camera defines the emotion of the audience. A close up shot brings out the emotions of the audience in relation with the movie whereas a long shot dilutes the emotions and brings them to a normal state. (Bays 2004) Hitchcock was able to handle the audience has his puppets making them to react according to his will. He holds the position of being first to introduce unconventional angles, such as close up shots of people screaming and top angle views. But, what made all these shots such a phenomenon and a juicy piece of information for the critics to rave about was the way each shot panned from one to other. A top shot swiftly changing to a close up and a wide to close up change became the hall marks of Hitchcock's Psycho. It thrilled the audience with full of surprises, instances which could have been told very simple. Each frame of the movie was subtle with emotions yet eccentric to watch. (Alan 2010) The final method involved in creating this genre is the use of sound and dialogues. Alfred was very confident in describing a character in the plot through his course of actions rather than through the delivery of dialogues. This was his main weaponry and his forte, yet to be matched by his compatriots as well as successors. He always believed many a times that a human can say a lot through his eyes that a 10 page dialogue. (Bays 2004) He indeed believed in it and this movie is a perfect example to describe the character of the psyche. Also, Hitchcock was skeptical in the usage of background music. A continuous flow of music followed by a sense of silence always puts the viewers to the edge of their seat and Alfred was a master of that in this movie. The continuous violin background used in major portions of the movie still lingers as fresh piece of music in everyone's years. Alfred proved that music could bring a lot of thrill into the viewers as much as the on screen actors could d o and he proved it in this film. (Alan

Discuss four aspects of the social context of care Essay

Discuss four aspects of the social context of care - Essay Example Health is also affected by the kind of living and working conditions he enjoys and whether the people he is interacting with are having a positive influence on his life. (Wilkinson Richard and Marmont Michael, 2003) There was a previous school of thought which prescribed that the doctors along with the nurses should not get too involved in the social aspect of the patient. One tends to lose their level of reasoning and rationality of thought on such interactions. Making the correct diagnosis along with administering the drug by the nurses were the requirements of a doctor and a nurse. However the present school of thought introduces a social aspect into the medium whereby doctors and nurses are advised to have a more pleasant interaction with the patients. Even if the patient can afford the treatment the greatest barricade for ordinary people gaining access to proper healthcare includes class, gender, ethnicity and disability. Stigma Stigma relates to a psychological problem that is experienced by patients having Aids, epilepsy and other mental illness. This is characterised by a feeling of depression and low well being. (Brakel Wim, 2005) The literary concept of stigma is defined as the social rejection of an individual or a group due to a negative judgement made by the society at large due to a health problem that the individual or group is facing. Stigma is associated with the following actions 1. Discrimination- This entails preferential treatment given to some people over others due to a particular health issue a patient might posses. (Wilkinson Richard and Marmont Michael, 2003) Source: Brakel Wim, 2005, measuring social stigma 2. Participant Restriction- This involves the problems a patient might experience when intermingling with society in general. Participation is restricted from certain activities which can have a negative impact on his psychological well being. (Brakel Wim, 2005) 3. Stereotype- This occurs when the society at large perceives people suffering from a particular illness as all having the same personality traits and behaving in a certain manner. This can give rise to cliches with society not appreciating the individuality of the person. Stigma affects the mental condition of the patient adding to the illness or disability he is already experiencing. People tend to develop an inferiority complex. Stigma and discrimination is harmful in areas related to medical access to these patients. For AIDS patients the primal fear is total isolation since the general feeling among public is that it is contagious and can spread via contact. ( Brakel Wim, 2005) This fear causes them to hide their disease resulting in severe lowering of self esteem. Concealing the disease can also increase the risk of them aggravating it even further at the same time affecting the individuals around them. Indicators have been developed to assess the stigma that is associated with each disease like Aids and leprosy. The AIDS Attitude Scale develop ed in 1992 has been used for stigma assessment among health care professionals. (Brakel Wim, 2005) This has now been updated to include the attitude of the general public as well. One instrument called the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) has been developed to measure stigma for different health conditions by creating a data base of the attitude of society at large. The answers to the queries are graded on a scale of 0-3. The answer ‘

Philosphy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Philosphy - Term Paper Example Euthanasia is considered here as a moral evil, and should not be permitted by law, even in the cases specified in the standard permission. Euthanasia or assisted suicide can be any action aimed at putting an end to life of any person, to meet his/her own accord, and executed by a disinterested person. The term â€Å"euthanasia† was first coined by Francis Bacon in the 17th century for the definition of â€Å"easy death†, and in the 19th century it has come to mean â€Å"to kill someone out of pity.† This is a question of premeditated murder in order to alleviate unnecessary suffering. In this case, there is no more ambiguous word than â€Å"euthanasia.† The very idea of euthanasia was born a long time ago. But from the time of Hippocrates to the present day traditional medical ethics includes a ban: â€Å"I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The Hippocratic Oath) More recently, however, doctor s seem increasingly ready to come to this practice, at least when the patient himself asks about death. How this tendency should be considered? Is it a release from outdated restrictions or a certain permissiveness, which is both wrong from a moral point of view, and dangerous in practice? Literally, the term â€Å"euthanasia† is translated as a â€Å"good death† but the term has come to signify not so much â€Å"good† death itself, as its infliction. â€Å"Euthanasia† can be defined as â€Å"the killing of another person for his alleged good† with his consent (voluntary euthanasia), or without consent or even against the will of this person (â€Å"involuntary† and â€Å"forced† euthanasia). â€Å"Killing† means an act or admission of action, chosen with the aim of depriving a person of life, i.e., irrespective of whether direct or indirect impact. Here there is some terminological confusion (in the opinion of some researchers, deliberately provoked by supporters of euthanasia) which occurred under the influence of various kinds of statements concerning understanding of this term, putting on the same level â€Å"letting die† (negative or passive euthanasia) and â€Å"assisting to die† (active or real euthanasia). This confusion is not harmless; it is maintained deliberately in order to bring doctors and public opinion to a false dilemma: either you are humane and able to sympathize with your neighbor, and thus have to step over the forbidden (cause death); or you put the abstract dogma above simple human sympathy, and thus will not stop even before going to prolong the needless suffering which you yourself would not have survived (Keown, 2002, pp. 9-15). In which case we can speak of assisted suicide or euthanasia? Assisted suicide means only intentional murder. In one case, the life of a hopelessly terminally ill person is taken away, in order to save him/her from unnecessary suffering â₠¬â€œ either through direct intervention (e.g., injection of barbiturates), or leaving a person to die by stopping to feed the patient. In another case, the life of a newborn child with severe physical disabilities is taken, when the child is directly killed or condemned to certain death, e.g., by stopping the supply of food and basic treatment only in order not to inflict new pain to his/her parents. Hence, euthanasia or assisted suicide is itself put on the level of intentions: the term euthanasia is used only when there is an intention to take the life of the person or to speed up

Literature Review: Treatment and Management of Pain

Literature Review: Treatment and Management of Pain INTRODUCTION The aim of the wise is not to secure pleasure  but to avoid pain -Aristotle The word pain is derived from the Greek word poine, which means penalty or punishment. Pain is a sensory experience associated with actual or potential damage of tissue,with physiological and psychological responses. Pain is a personal experience and varies from person to person. It is manifested in verbal and nonverbal behaviours, physiological responses like pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, emotional and spiritual reactions(Nursing clinics of America,2002). Inadequate treatment of both acute and chronic pain is widespread throughout medical surgical wards, intensive care units, emergency departments and in general practice. This neglect is extended to all age groups, from neonates to the elderly. In September 2008, the World Health Organization estimated that nearly eighty percentage of the population in the world has either insufficient or no access to treatment for severe and moderate pain. Every year millions of people around the world, suffer from pain without treatment. Reasons for proper pain management failure include cultural, religious, societal, and political attitudes, including acceptance of torture(Taylor et al.,2008). When surveyed 21% to 90% of adults expressed some about the pain associated with the needle based procedures. Up to 90% of young children shows serious distress during vaccination. This general level of anxiety can be severe, and is termed as injection phobia. This phobia can result in syncopal attacks with significant clinical impact (Yael et al.,2003). In hospital practice intravascular lines are used for various purposes like recording pressure and to administer drugs, fluids and to draw out blood. Pain inflicted by the insertion of cannula into the skin is a significant concern. Effort should be made to assess and manage acute pain. As, by doing so, nurses can reduce pain, increase patient comfort , satisfaction and improve patient outcomes (Jacobson, 1999). Research evidence shows that cutaneous stimulation is an independent nursing intervention to minimize patients pain. Gate control theory clearly explains the effect of cutaneous stimulation. Cutaneous stimulation modalities can be clubbed with acupressure to increase its effectiveness in pain management. Research studies have highlighted the fact that cryotherapy is equally effective and important in alleviating or minimizing pain as a cutaneous stimulation technique (Sabitha P.B, et al.,2008). The analgesic effects of cutaneous stimulation (pressure, massage, vibration, heat, cold) are thought to be caused by activation of large A-beta fibers and inhibition of smaller A-delta and C fibers, thus closing the gate to pain impulses. The exact mechanism by which this gating occurs has not been established, but it may be through endorphin release (Ruth,2009). NEED FOR THE STUDY Research Studies reveals that, among nursing diagnosis pain constantly ranks the highest position. Nurses often have the closest contact with patients on a daily basis. They are the health care providers most directly responsible for the overall management of pain. Nurses play a pivotal role in pain assessment, pain intervention, monitoring the effects of treatment and communication of information about pain management (Keela A.Herr, et al.,1992). The complementary therapies are used to relieve the symptoms of pain. These include relaxation technique, visual imagery, cryotherapy, massage, aromatherapy etc. Increasingly complementary therapies are attracting attention in contemporary nursing practice. These interventions are suitable for procedures like injections, venepuncture, that cause acute transitory pain (Barbara, 2000). Cold application relaxes muscle and muscle contractility, vasoconstriction decreases capillary permeability, decreases blood flow, slows cellular metabolism, decreases pain by slowing nerve conduction rate and blocking nerve impulses, decreases edema by reducing capillary permeability (Barbara kozier, 2006). The pain related to minor invasive nursing procedures can be dealt with non-pharmacological measures than pharmacological measure. The pharmacologic measures like local anesthetic spray, eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) have long term effects, which is undesirable. Also its cost effect should be kept in mind, as these simple but essential procedures are repeated for the same person for many times. Hence non-pharmacological measures can be the choice for relieving or preventing such minor invasive pain, like venepuncture pain (Saju T.P,2009). A study conducted to find out the effects of two non-pharmacological pain management measures for IM injection pain recommended to use cold therapy and distraction to decrease pain intensity. The first group received local cold therapy, the second group received distraction and the control group received only routine care. The results shows that average pain intensity in local cold therapy, distraction and control groups was 26.3, 34.3 and 83.3 respectively. The findings indicate that pain intensity was significantly higher in the non-interventional group than the interventional groups. This study supports the efficacy of non-pharmacologic pain management methods (Hasanpour M et.al.,2005). The large intestine energy meridian is an acupressure point located on the backside of the hand between index finger and the thumb. Largeintestine energy meridian point can be used for relieving pain in the scapula, arm and shoulder, rigidity of the neck, eye diseases and also in the treatment of other disorders like constipation. The large intestine energy meridian pathway is bilateral. Considering the anxiety due to painful procedures such as venepuncture, as well as the unpleasant feelings, the investigator felt that application of cryotherapy to the skin would decrease the pain-related responses associated with venepuncture. This study was therefore undertaken to asses the effect of cryotherapy on the large intestine energy meridian point (li4), during intracath insertion to reduce the perception of pain and variation in physiological responses like pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature is a key step in research process. It refers to an extensive, exhaustive and systematic examination of publications relevant to the research project. Nursing research may be considered as a continuing process in which knowledge gained from earlier studies is an integral part of research in general. Literature review refers to the activities involved in searching for information on a topic and developing a comprehensive picture of the state as knowledge on that topic (Polit and Hungler,1993 ). Therefore the investigator studied and reviewed the related literature to broaden the understandings about the topic to gain insight into the selected problem under study. The literature has been reviewed under the following headings: SECTION A: Literature regarding pain and changes in physiological parameters during venepuncture. SECTION B: Literature regarding large intestine energy meridian point and pain. SECTION C: Literature regarding effectiveness of cryotherapy on pain and physiological parameters. A quasi experimental pre test post test control group study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of vibratory audio visual stimulation to reduce acute evoked procedural pain experienced by the individuals, during invasive procedures in a selected health centre. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 80 persons who were receiving IM injection. Among the participants 95% expressed a reduction in pain due to vibratory audio visual stimulation,15% said that they had not experienced any reduction in pain. Results of the study suggested that vibratory audio visual stimulation was effective in reducing acute evoked procedural pain (Saju T.P,2009). A randomized, controlled study, in a convenience sample of 92 patients in the emergency department who required peripheral cannulation as part of their evaluation were enrolled in the study. All the subjects answered questionnaires pre and post IV placement and rated pain intensity during procedure on a 100 millimeter visual analogue scale. Participants in the study included 47(51.1%)of patients received the anesthetic spray and 45(48.9%) were randomly assigned to control group and had their IV line placed in a standard method. The mean pain score in the study group was 27 millimeter and 28 millimeter in the control group (p=0.934). Results revealed that anesthetic spray was an effective intervention in reducing pain during intravenous insertion (Hartstein B.H,et al.,2007). A crossover single blind experimental study conducted on  effectiveness of acupressure to reduce pain in IM injection. Each  subject received an injection with acupressure applied to one buttock and an injection without acupressure to the other buttock or vice versa. The perception of pain was measured on a visual analog scale. Among 64 patients, 32(50%) were female. The mean score for perceived pain intensity for acupressure injection was 3+-2 and the mean score for the injection without acupressure was 5+-2. Results revealed that acupressure was effective in reducing IM injection pain (Alavi N.M,2006). A prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of a Valsalva manoeuver, which stimulates the vagus nerve, on perception of pain during peripheral venous cannulation in adult patients. Among 110 patients scheduled for elective surgery, half of them underwent venepuncture during a Valsalva manoeuvre and the other half underwent venepuncture without performing a Valsalva manoeuvre. The numerical rating scale score was 1.5+/-1.2 for Group A and 3.1+/-1.9 for Group B, the difference being statistically significant (P Pain management is in the purview of all health professionals, specially nurses and is an important component of comprehensive nursing care, since it is the patient and nurse who faces the pain alone. Although most of the nurses have a commitment in pain reduction, far fewer work for alleviation. Ignoring patients pain may be causing harm. Unrelieved Pain can cause cell, tissue damage and even death. Health education on pain management for health professionals at all department levels have been noticed as an important measure towards changing ineffective pain management practices (Holleran R.S,2006). Needle phobia is a term used to describe an anticipatory fear of needle insertion. If pain and anxiety are poorly managed, there can be significant negative consequences. The memory of traumatic venepuncture experiences can lead to extreme anxiety and physiological responses such as venous constriction . Some children and young people may have been conditioned by the fears of relatives or friends concerning needle procedures(Thurgate C. Heppell S, 2005). A quasi experimental design was adopted to obtain data from 86 younger (between the age group of 25-55) and 89 older (between the age group of 65-94) volunteer samples. Subjects responses to experimentally induced thermal stimuli were measured with following pain scales: vertical visual analog scale,21-point numerical rating scale, verbal descriptor scale,11- point verbal rating scale and faces pain scale. For discriminating different levels of pain sensation all the five scales were effective. The most preferred scale to represent pain intensity in both cohorts was the numerical rating scale, followed by verbal descriptor scale (Frana Benini,M.D,2004). Pain is a phenomenon that we experience to a greater or lesser extent, and the associations between blood pressure and pain are potentially of great interest . It is well recognized that pain can raise blood pressure acutely. Acute pain leads to generalized arousal and increased sympathetic nerve activity. Blood pressure increase during the application of physical pressure to the nail beds or the skin of the cheek, or during electrical stimulation of a digital nerve. Various studies found that inflated cuff leads to forearm ischemia and increases the degree of pain, which correlates with the increase in blood pressure (Pickering G.Thomas,2003). SECTION B:Literatures regarding large intestine energy meridian point and pain. The large intestine energy meridian point is referred to as LI4 or Hoku. The energy meridian pathway is bilateral and begins in the surface of the skin at the root of the index fingernail. It courses through the arm and hand , and the outward end of the shoulder blade is crossed. Then the meridian leaves the skin surface to connect with the lower part of the lung and transverse colon. It then returns to the skin surface at a point under the chin. From that point, the meridian is again buried deep within the area referred to as the double chin. It follows the lower row of dental roots, passing then to the upper line of teeth roots, crossing the front of the mouth to emerge on the skin surface and the facial point next to the nostrils (Chandramita Bora,2009). A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 primiparous women who were randomly assigned in two groups (n = 30): ice massage (treatment) and sand bag group (control). The severity of the basal pain was measured at the beginning of active phase (4 cm cervical dilation) based on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Then, after two groups received intervention, the severity of the labor pain in 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm cervical dilation was measured. In the case group, the crushed ice twisted in a terry bag was rocked on the web of skin between thumb and forefinger. The massage was carried out in large intestine energy meridian point throughout three contractions. The sand bag tactile massage in large intestine energy meridian point was served in the control group. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive analysis using Mann- Whitney, à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ 2, paired and independent t tests and P A one-group, pre test, post test study conducted to evaluate the the use of ice massage on acupressure energy meridian point large intestine 4 (LI4) to reduce the labor pain. The pain was measured using McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and 100-mm Visual Analog Scales (VAS). Participants noted a pain reduction mean on the VAS of 28.22 mm on the left hand and 11.93 mm on the right hand. The post delivery ranked McGill Pain Questionnaire dropped from distressing to discomforting. The study results suggest that ice massage is a safe, noninvasive, nonpharmacological method of reducing labor pain (Waters L.Bette, et al.,2003). A study using ice massage for reducing labor pain was carried out by a researcher among twenty women on their admission to the labor and delivery unit at Florida. Ice massage of the energy meridian LI4 was performed during each contraction and was carried out over a 30-minute period. Data from the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) showed a mean reduction in pain of 25.15. The reduction of pain was statistically significant despite the small number of participants. The study results suggest that ice massage is a safe method of reducing labor pain (Naomi lester, et al., 2003). A one group repeated measurement post test study was aimed at identifying the effect of cutaneous stimulation in large intestine energy meridian point on reduction of arteriovenous fistula puncture pain among forty five hemodialysis patient. First the arteriovenous fistula puncture pain of control group was measured, and then the arteriovenous fistula puncture pain of experimental group (with cutaneous stimulation) was measured using visual analogue scale and objective pain behaviour checklist. Analysis of data was done by use of paired t-test, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results concluded that the subjective pain score of arterial line (paired t = -0.28, p = 0.77) and the subjective pain score of venous line (paired t = 2.61, p = 0.01). The cardiopulmonary signs of arteriovenous fistula puncture pain in experimental period was (pulse paired t = -0.8, p = 0.42; systolic BP paired t = 0.98, p = 0.33; diastolic BP paired t = 0.43, p = 0.66).Results revealed t hat cutaneous stimulation in large intestine energy meridian point was effective in reducing arteriovenous fistula puncture pain(Kanho Taehan,2001). A study in which patients having acute dental pain were treated with ice application on largeintestine energy meridian point of the hand on the same side of the painful region. Ice massage was administered by inserting ice cubes into wet gauze pad and gently massaging the skin around the large intestine energy meridian point. When the patient stated that the area is felt numb or after a period of 7 minutes whichever, occurred first, the massage was stopped. Control group received tactile massage alone. McGill pain questionnaire was used to measure the pain intensity of the patients.. Ice massage reduced the intensity of dental pain by fifty percentage or more in most of the patients, and reduction in pain were significantly greater than those produced by tactile massage alone (Melzack Ronald, et al.,2000). SECTION C : Literatures regarding effectiveness of cryotherapy on pain and physiological parameters. A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of cryotherapy on arteriovenous fistula puncture pain in hemodialysis patients. A convenient sample of 60 patients (30 in experimental and 30 in control group) who had undergone hemodialysis through AVF, was assessed using randomized control trial. Both the objective and subjective pain scoring was performed on two consecutive days of hemodialysis. The tools used were a questionnaire assessing demographic data, an observation checklist for monitoring objective pain behaviour, and a numerical pain intensity scale for subjective pain assessment. The objective and subjective pain scores were significantly (p=0.001) reduced within the treatment group than the control group. Results revealed that cryotherapy was effective in reducing arterivenous fistula puncture pain in hemodialysis patients (Mahajan S, et al.,2008). A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of hot fomentation versus cold compress for decreasing intravenous infiltration in patients admitted in a selected hospital in Pune . The sample size was 60 and data collected with an observational checklist and behavioral pain scale. The pre treatment mean score of degree of infiltration was decreased from 7.1667 to 0.7071 in hot fomentation and from 6.9333 to 0.7571 in cold fomentation. The findings indicate that the hot fomentation and cold compress both are effective in treatment of intravenous therapy related infiltration (Anjum shabana,2007). A quasi-experimental study to determine the effect of local refrigeration applied to skin prior to venepuncture on pain-related responses in 80 school-age children who got admitted in the emergency ward in the pediatrics center in Iran. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling and were divided into two equal groups: test and control. In the test group the physiological responses were measured prior to venepuncture. Then the skin on the area of venepuncture was refrigerated by an ice bag for 3 minutes and the procedure is performed immediately. After five minutes of the procedure the physiological responses, behavioural responses and subjective responses were measured. In terms of the physiological responses before and after the procedure in the experimental and control group, there was no significant difference (p=0.07) between the two groups. There was a significant difference (p=0.0011) between the test and control groups with regard to the behavioural responses to the painful procedure.There was also a significant difference (p=0.0097) in the subjective data in the two groups after venepuncture.Results revealed that the local refrigeration was effective in reducing venepuncture pain (Movahedi Fakhar Ali,et al.,2006). An experimental study to assess the effectiveness of ice application on the treatment zone prior to type -A botulinum toxin treatment on the pain during injections . Totally, twenty four patients who underwent botulinum type-A toxin in upper face for esthetic purposes were undertaken in the study. Ice application was done five minutes prior the injections on the right lateral orbital zones of the patients, and on their left sides, toxin were injected without applying ice. The average visual analog scale values indicating the pain that the subjects felt in their right and left sides were found as 1.1 and 5.9, respectively. Results revealed that ice application is effective in reducing pain during injections (Sarifakioglu N,2004). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the application of cold or hot on the pricking pain sensation based on autonomic responses. Electrical stimulations were applied to subjects arms as an artificial pricking pain, the skin blood flow and skin conductance level at the tip of the finger were measured. Pain was assessed using visual analog scale. Pain stimulation produced a significant rise in skin conductance level and a significant decrease in blood flow. Cold application to the stimulation site using an ice-water pack decreased blood flow and skin conductance responses and sensation of pain. Application of heat, by hot water bottle resulted in a significant rise in pain sensation . The results suggested that cold application promotes relief of pricking pain sensation and suppress the autonomic responses, and the application of heat has no such effect (Saeki Y,2002). A one group pre test post test experimental study to evaluate the effect of cutaneous stimulation (cryotherapy) on pain reduction in Emergency Department patients . Second objective was to identify the effect of cutaneous stimulation on blood pressure and heart rate. Potential factors that could influence the dependent variables such as age, gender, educational level, location of pain, and site of cutaneous stimulation were tested. All 50 samples were treated with cutaneous stimulation to relieve pain. After cutaneous stimulation, subjects reported significant reduction in pain, and demonstrated decrease in heart rate, and blood pressure readings. The most effective site of cutaneous stimulation was contralateral to the pain. Age, gender and educational level had no significant effect. The results of this study provide empirical evidence that cutaneous stimulation effectively reduces pain, heart rate, and blood pressure (Sylvia M. Kubsch,2002). A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of local dry cold application on the bruising, haematoma and pain at the subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin injections site. The researcher selected sixty three patients who had received 2 x 20 milligram enoxaparine and divided the samples into four groups. In the first group, cold therapy was not given. Cold was applied to the injection site for five minutes before the injection in the second group, and in the third group five minutes after the injection. In the fourth group, it was applied to the injection site for five minutes pre and post injection.After each injection, the patients pain intensity and duration were measured, and the occurance of bruise and haematoma were monitered at 48 and 72 hours after the injection. Results showed that haematoma was absent at the injection site of all subjects. The subjects pain perception was significantly reduced with the application of ice (Kuzu N, et al.,2001). In a paired clinical trial, the effectiveness of ice in reducing the pain of intravenous catheter placement was assessed in 28 adult volunteers. An ice pack was placed over one arm for 10 minutes, followed by insertion of an 18-gauge angio catheter in both arms. Patients recorded their pain assessment after each venepuncture on a previously validated 100-mm visual analog scale and identified their preferred method for the procedure (pretreatment with ice or no pretreatment). The mean pain score for catheter placement on arms pretreated with ice was 27.5  ± 15.9 mm; the mean pain score for the control arms was 34.2  ± 21.6 mm (P = 0.17).Results revealed that application of icepack was an effective method in reducing pain of intravenous catheter placement. Future studies should examine whether ice is effective at reducing pain from other more painful procedures and whether the response to ice is gender-related (Richman P B, et al.,2000).